Discussion on the dyeability of polypropylene fiber

In the past two years, PP synthetic fiber has not been included in the list of three major fibers, but it is still one of the more successful materials. In the past decade, the production of long-fiber fiber of European PP fiber has grown by about 80% compared with other synthetic fibers. Especially in the application of automated vehicle textiles, it is very attractive. The reason is that PP fiber has the characteristics of simple process, light weight, low water absorption and excellent chemical resistance, antistatic property and antifouling property. The advantage is another important factor in consideration, and its characteristics are compared with other fibers as shown in Tables 1 to 3:

The non-polar structure of PP fiber is generally considered to be the biggest worry. Because the fiber itself has very low hydrophilicity, the affinity with dyes and chemical additives is not good. It can not be colored by traditional dyeing and printing methods. The effect is that PP fibers are mostly colored during spinning, and organic or inorganic pigments are added to color them. This method is simple, low in cost and can obtain better fastness. However, this method also has its inevitable disadvantages. It is only suitable for mass production of a single color system. It cannot keep up with the requirements of the consumer market and the update in the chromatogram. Other disadvantages such as: no printing, inventory backlog, etc., therefore, the use of carpet products with no color or large demand And a small number of fashion products, and Nylon and polyester fiber have no such shortcomings, and their dyeability and printing are good. Therefore, how to apply general dyeing and finishing printing technology to PP fiber, so that it becomes Popular new material has become an urgent task. The non-polar structure of PP fiber is generally considered to be the biggest worry. Because the fiber itself has very low hydrophilicity, the affinity with dyes and chemical additives is not good, and it can not be achieved by traditional dyeing and printing methods. The effect of coloring, at present, PP fiber coloring is mostly in the spinning, adding organic or inorganic pigments to make it color, this method is simple, low cost and can obtain better fastness, however, this method is also inevitable The shortcomings are only suitable for mass production of a single color system, which cannot keep up with the requirements of the consumer market and the update in the chromatogram. Other disadvantages such as: no printing, inventory backlog, etc., therefore, use is colorless or demand is large. The carpet products and a small number of fashion products are the main products, while the Nylon and polyester fiber have no such shortcomings, and the dyeing and printing properties are good. Therefore, how to apply the general dyeing and finishing printing technology to PP fiber, Making it a popular new material has become an urgent task.
The research on PP fiber in dyeing and finishing, printing technology and formula has been for many years, but most of them are faced with the difficulty of commercialization. The past research status is summarized as follows: about PP fiber in dyeing and finishing, printing technology and formula Research has been for many years, but most of them face difficulties that cannot be commercialized. The past research status is summarized as follows:
(1) Development of new dyes: (1) Development of new dyes:
PP fiber is a hydrophobic fiber and has high crystallinity. Even if it is a disperse dye, its affinity with the polymer is very low, and it cannot reach the color value it deserves. In order to increase its affinity, it can be on its chromophore. Grafting of aliphatic side bonds, although this improves the coloring rate, it cannot be further expanded due to excessive cost and limited dyeability. PP fiber is a hydrophobic fiber and has high crystallinity. Even if it is a disperse dye, its affinity with the polymer is very low, and it cannot reach the color value it deserves. In order to increase its affinity, it can be on its chromophore. Grafting of aliphatic side bonds, although this improves the coloring rate, it cannot be further expanded due to excessive cost and limited dyeability.
(2) Local modification of fiber surface: (2) Local modification of fiber surface:
The surface modification is carried out by using ions, and the PP fiber has the ability to take up the dye monomer by oxidation or grafting to form a copolymer. The method is low in cost and has a ring dyeing effect, but the rubbing fastness is not good, in order to avoid ring dyeing. The phenomenon is currently being studied. The surface modification is carried out by using ions, and the PP fiber has the ability to take up the dye monomer by oxidation or grafting to form a copolymer. The method is low in cost and has a ring dyeing effect, but the rubbing fastness is not good, in order to avoid ring dyeing. The phenomenon is currently being studied.
(a) Direct introduction of ions into the polymer of the fiber, but the copolymerization of the acidic comonomer as a catalyst does not have a high success rate. (a) Direct introduction of ions into the polymer of the fiber, but the copolymerization of the acidic comonomer as a catalyst does not have a high success rate.
(b) After the polymerization, the grafting of the primary bond of the polymer is carried out before the injection. Although the probability of success in the past is not high, a new method has appeared. (b) After the polymerization, the grafting of the primary bond of the polymer is carried out before the injection. Although the probability of success in the past is not high, a new method has appeared.
(3) Adding additives: (3) Adding additives:
Adding an additive to the PP fiber matrix, which has the ability to accept dyes to improve its dyeability. This method is widely used in the industry. Most of the tests are based on the addition of polar polymers to PP fibers with acidic or alkaline properties. The group, which is dyeable, can be dyed by a salt-based dye or an acid dye, and the additives are classified into vinyl acridine, sulfonic acid, copolyamine, tertiary amine and the like. Adding an additive to the PP fiber matrix, which has the ability to accept dyes to improve its dyeability. This method is widely used in the industry. Most of the tests are based on polar polymers added to the PP fiber with acid or alkali. The group is dyeable and can be dyed with a salt-based dye or an acid dye. The additives are classified into vinyl acridine, sulfonic acid, copolyamine, tertiary amine and the like.
However, as of now, these methods have not been practically applied in the industry. Because of the lack of consistency, the fiber properties are greatly reduced. In addition to adding additives to the fiber aggregates, the molecular weight of the fibers can also be reduced to achieve the goal. Modified PP, the reason for its dyeability is to combine with special dyes to form a combination with organic Ni-complexes at the melting point of the fiber, and to achieve the effect of fixing color by infiltrating the fibers, which is a more feasible way in the industry. However, there are still some shortcomings, such as injection problems, dye limitation, darkening, and lack of color, etc., coupled with difficulty in dyeing, poor reproducibility, difficulty in batch control, and environmental problems, making Ni-modified PP limited. At present, the products are still based on carpets. However, as of now, these methods have not been practically applied in the industry. Because of the lack of consistency, the fiber properties are greatly reduced. In addition to adding additives to the fiber aggregates, the molecular weight of the fibers can also be reduced to achieve the goal. Modified PP, the reason for its dyeability is to combine with special dyes to form a combination with organic Ni-complexes at the melting point of the fiber, and to achieve the effect of fixing color by infiltrating the fibers, which is a more feasible way in the industry. However, there are still some shortcomings, such as injection problems, dye limitation, darkening, and lack of color, etc., coupled with difficulty in dyeing, poor reproducibility, difficulty in batch control, and environmental problems, making Ni-modified PP limited. At present, the products are still based on carpets.
The Belgian Fiber Industry Research Center conducts research and development on PP fiber and develops environmentally friendly dyeable PP fiber by means of additives. Based on past research, it has done a large number of screening tests for additives, and hopes to find out with PP. The fibrous matrix has a compatible hydrophobic additive, and at the same time, sufficient polar groups can react with the dye to achieve dyeable purposes, but the nature of the two is inherently opposite and cannot be considered at the same time. The selection of additives for both characteristics is a key issue. The Belgian Fiber Industry Research Center conducts research and development on PP fiber and develops environmentally friendly dyeable PP fiber by means of additives. Based on past research, it has done a large number of screening tests for additives, and hopes to find out with PP. The fibrous matrix has compatible hydrophobic additives, and at the same time, there are enough polar groups to react with the dye to achieve dyeable purposes, but the nature of the two is inherently opposite and cannot be considered at the same time. The selection of these two characteristics, the screening of additives is a key issue.
The evaluation item of the compatibility of the additive with the fiber polymer is an evaluation item for the compatibility of the additive with the fiber polymer.
● Particle size of the additive ● Particle size of the additive
● Distribution in the fibrous matrix ● Distribution in the fibrous matrix
● Does not affect the stability of the process ● Does not affect the stability of the process
● Does not affect the physical properties and chemical properties of the fiber ● Does not affect the physical properties and chemical properties of the fiber
As for the evaluation of dyeability, the pre-screened disperse dye is processed according to the standard dyeing process, and the k/s value is used to evaluate the type and concentration of the additive, and the fixing temperature is used to investigate the transferability of the PP fiber. After the classification is determined, further experiments must be carried out, especially for the screening of dyes. The fastness characteristics of the final product must be considered. After the dyeing of PP fibers by most disperse dyes, the light fastness is generally poor, even for the poly. Ester fiber has better light fastness and can not reach the required level of fastness. It has a low phenomenon. It shows that the reaction between PP fiber matrix and dye molecules has a great influence on the light fastness. Therefore, PP fiber is used. The dyes must be screened one by one and cannot be measured by the standard of general synthetic dyeing. In addition, the rubbing fastness is also an important evaluation index. Therefore, the dyeability of the additive will be limited to a narrow range, coloring. There are also limitations. When the dye is supersaturated, the dye molecules are easily left on the fibers, causing a decrease in the coloring rate and rubbing fastness. As for the evaluation of dyeability, the pre-screened disperse dye is processed according to the standard dyeing process, and the k/s value is used to evaluate the type and concentration of the additive, and the fixing temperature is used to investigate the transferability of the PP fiber. After the classification is determined, further experiments must be carried out, especially for the screening of dyes. The fastness characteristics of the final product must be considered. After the dyeing of PP fibers by most disperse dyes, the light fastness is generally poor, even for the poly. Ester fiber has better light fastness and can not reach the required level of fastness. It has a low phenomenon. It shows that the reaction between PP fiber matrix and dye molecules has a great influence on the light fastness. Therefore, PP fiber is used. The dyes must be screened one by one and cannot be measured by the standard of general synthetic dyeing. In addition, the rubbing fastness is also an important evaluation index. Therefore, the dyeability of the additive will be limited to a narrow range, coloring. There are also limitations. When the dye is supersaturated, the dye molecules are easily left on the fibers, causing a decrease in the coloring rate and rubbing fastness.
After the disperse dye screening is completed, the laboratory dyeing to the site dyeing shall be further evaluated, and the dyeing method shall be fixed. According to the actual experience, the dyeing fixation temperature and dyeing time are most important for the coloration of the fiber. After the disperse dye screening is completed, the laboratory dyeing to the site dyeing shall be further evaluated, and the dyeing method shall be fixed. According to the actual experience, the dyeing fixation temperature and dyeing time are most important for the coloration of the fiber.
After the additives have been screened and evaluated, the properties must be as described above. One must make the PP fiber matrix contain dyeing seats, and the other is to improve the compatibility with PP fibers. The combination of the two can improve the dyeing rate of PP fibers. And the dyeing rate, in order to ensure the stability of the process, it is necessary to match the rheology of the PP fiber and the additive to produce different fibers, which has been commercialized by Elf-Atochem, and its trade name is Chromatex. In the manufacturing process, adding 8% of additives, that is, obtaining good dyeability (affinity, darkening), or high or low addition amount, will affect the dyeability, and can be industrially required. The adjustment was made, but the dyeing and fastness of 8% were still able to reach the standard. After the additives have been screened and evaluated, the properties must be as described above. One must make the PP fiber matrix contain dyeing seats, and the other is to improve the compatibility with PP fibers. The combination of the two can improve the dyeing rate of PP fibers. And the dyeing rate, in order to ensure the stability of the process, it is necessary to match the rheology of the PP fiber and the additive to produce different fibers, which has been commercialized by Elf-Atochem, and its trade name is Chromatex. In the manufacturing process, adding 8% of additives, that is, obtaining good dyeability (affinity, darkening), or high or low addition amount, will affect the dyeability, and can be industrially required. The adjustment was made, but the dyeing and fastness of 8% were still able to reach the standard.
In the development of the PP fiber dyeability program, the disperse dyes of different companies were screened for dyeing at 120 ° C and 100 ° C as shown in Figure 1. In the development of the PP fiber dyeability program, the disperse dyes of different companies were screened for dyeing at 120 ° C and 100 ° C as shown in Figure 1.

The main factor in dye screening is the main factor in dye screening.
● Color rate ●Color rate
● Fixing rate ● Fixing rate
● Temperature dependence ● Temperature dependence
● Light fastness and rubbing fastness ●Light fastness and rubbing fastness
● Ecological issues ● Ecological issues
Due to the different dyeing materials, it is impossible to screen the dyes according to the rule of thumb for dyeing polyester fibers in the past, and the dye company has retained the dye structure, so that the dye structure and dyeing properties cannot be judged by the dye structure. Screening one by one to determine, Figure 2 shows the test, it is up to the standard, although the fastness is not related to the dye concentration, PP dyeing concentration is high, easy to reduce its color rate and friction Fastness, so when dyeing, it is necessary to control the range of dye concentration to avoid waste and quality degradation caused by supersaturation. Due to the different dyeing materials, it is impossible to screen the dyes according to the rule of thumb for dyeing polyester fibers in the past, and the dye company has retained the dye structure, so that the dye structure and dyeing properties cannot be judged by the dye structure. Screening one by one to determine, Figure 2 shows the test, it is up to the standard, although the fastness is not related to the dye concentration, PP dyeing concentration is high, easy to reduce the color rate And the rubbing fastness, so when dyeing, it is necessary to control the range of dye concentration to avoid waste and quality degradation caused by supersaturation.

In addition to the above factors, the dyes can be divided into three parts. One is a dye with a good combination of three primary colors. Because of its close dyeing rate, it is less affected by the material, and the second is high fastness. Disperse dyes, which can be suitable for different dyeing processes, but whether the compatibility is good, still need to be further confirmed, the third is high light fastness but the friction fastness is reduced, mainly due to excessive disperse dyes The test in Figure 3 shows that once the saturation point is exceeded, the quality is greatly reduced, and the dye structure is different, and the saturation value is also different. Some dye concentrations are less than 0.5%, and some are as high as about 2%. In addition to the above factors, the dyes can be divided into three parts. One is a dye with a good combination of three primary colors. Because of its close dyeing rate, it is less affected by the material, and the second is high fastness. Disperse dyes, which can be suitable for different dyeing processes, but whether the compatibility is good, still need to be further confirmed, the third is high light fastness but the friction fastness is reduced, mainly due to excessive disperse dyes. It is known from the experiment in Fig. 3 that once the saturation point is exceeded, the quality is greatly reduced, and the dye structure is different, and the saturation values ​​are also different. Some dye concentrations are less than 0.5%, and some are as high as about 2%.
Figure 3. Relationship between dye concentration and fastness. Figure 3. Relationship between dye concentration and fastness.
Dyesfuff conc type ΣK/S 420-680nm ΣK/S420-680nm dyed at 120°C lightfastness dyed at 120°C lightfastness rubfastness dry rubfastness dry wet
Polanil Red BF Polanil Red BF anthraquin one anthraquin one
0.05% 19 6 4/5-5 4/5-5
0.1% 32 6 4/5 4/5-5
0.5% 112 7+ 4-4/5 4/5
0.75% 135 7+ 4-4/5 4/5
1.25% 167 7+ 2/3-3 3
1.5% 156 7+ 2/3 2/3-3
2% 154 7+ 2-2/3 2/3-3

Excerpt from International Dyer August 1998 from International Dyer August 1998
Basically, the choice of dyes can be further explored by dyeing equipment and processes. The dyeing temperature of PP fiber disperse dyes is 95-120 ° C. At 120 ° C dyeing temperature, the dyeing rate can be improved, sometimes The coloring value can be increased. The standard formulation process is as follows: Basically, the dye selection can be further discussed by the dyeing equipment and the process. The PP fiber disperse dye is dyed at a temperature of 95-120 ° C and dyed at 120 ° C. At the temperature, the dyeing rate can be increased, and sometimes the coloring value can be increased. The standard recipe process is as follows:
● Lobby: 1:10 ● Lobby: 1:10
● Dyes: 1% ● Dyes: 1%
● Dispersion rate: 1g/l ● Dispersion rate: 1g/l
● PH: 4.5 to 5 ● PH: 4.5 to 5
● Dyeing temperature 100 °C × 50 ~ 60min or 120 °C × 50 ~ 60min ● Dyeing temperature 100 ° C × 50 ~ 60min or 120 ° C × 50 ~ 60min
● Restore wash ● Restore wash
● Na2S2O4: 1g/l ● Na2S2O4: 1g/l
● Naorl: 3cc/l ● Naorl: 3cc/l
● Condition: 30 °C × 15' ● Condition: 30 °C × 15'
Cibatex APS or Cibafast can also be added to enhance its UV resistance and improve its light fastness. Cibatex APS or Cibafast can also be added to enhance its UV resistance and improve its light fastness.
In summary, PP fiber has a track record in the development of dyeing technology, and can be applied to different PP fiber products, such as yarn, flat fabric, knitted fabric, etc., especially for vehicle textiles and carpet products, plus PP fiber Recycling and re-use functions, in line with environmental protection issues, is undoubtedly a big niche. PP short-staple dyeing products are currently not used in many applications. In the future, they can be combined with furniture or ready-to-wear, or partially replace Nylon and PES in specific market needs. PP dyeable fiber will provide inertness, low water absorption, comfort, insulation, capillary effect, low density and other characteristics. In summary, PP fiber has a track record in the development of dyeing technology, and can be applied to different PP fiber products, such as yarn, flat fabric, knitted fabric, etc., especially for vehicle textiles and carpet products, plus PP fiber Recycling and re-use functions, in line with environmental protection issues, is undoubtedly a big niche. PP short-staple dyeing products are currently not used in many applications. In the future, they can be combined with furniture or ready-to-wear, or partially replace Nylon and PES in specific market needs. PP dyeable fiber will provide inertness, low water absorption, comfort, insulation, capillary effect, low density and other characteristics. Its future development depends on the textile industry and downstream industries to develop innovative products according to their experience, or to replace existing products and apply them to different fields. Its future development depends on the textile industry and downstream industries to develop innovative products according to their experience, or to replace existing products and apply them to different fields.

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